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Metformin is the first-line drug that can lower blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients. One third of patients do not respond to metformin treatment and 5 per cent experience serious side effects.

The PhD thesis of Emma Heikkinen, MSc (Pharm), provides insights into ocular pharmacokinetics and new approaches for the design of drugs and drug delivery systems.

Extracellular ATP is a powerful trigger of migraine, but the endogenous gaseous transmitter hydrogen sulfide known by its unpleasant smell prevents ATP-induced nociception, according to the doctoral thesis of Kseniia Koroleva.

A new study conducted by researchers at the University of Eastern Finland found that the PLCG2-P522R genetic variant, which protects against Alzheimer’s disease, enhances several key functions of immune cells.